Lab 10

Flow Chart for the first algoritm in Lab 10



The main differnce between the Hartley and Shannon measures of information is that Shannon uses the average amount of uncertainty and information to measure how much information is present in a message thus accounting for the higher or lower probability of the alternatives in a problem. Hartley on the other hand can not acount for the different probabilties of different alternatives. To find Shannon's measure of entropy you divide the average amount of uncertainty for a set of wieghted alternatives by the average amount of information needed to remove the uncertainty. Hartley's method simply takes the amount of uncertainty associated with a set of alternatives divided by the amount of information needed to remove this uncertainty.

Lab 9

This lab was very good at introducing new ways to conduct data analysis. I never knew that excel was capable of such calculations, I would have always assumed that doing the calculation the long way, like we did for m,b,and r, was the only way to calculate such data. The graphs that excel produces are great for creating a visual representation of the data and allows for easier analysis, since the data becomes visual. Inductive modeling as used in this lab is very useful in analysis, and comparison of related things. It is helpful when discovering something new or, when there is no certain right answer.Inductive reasoning seems to be used more with scientific related material, where on the other hand deductive reasoning seems to be associated with reasoning or factual type data.

Lab 8

This histogram displays the number of cars traveled down roads of specific lenghths from the spreadsheet created in lab 8. The graph helps make the data easier to understand by showing it a a more visual appealing way.

Logic Gates 2

Truth Table



Logic Gates Screen Shot



This circuit proves DeMorgan's Law.

Logic Gates 1

Truth Table



Logic Gate Screen Shot




As can be seen from the truth table this circuit produces a 1 or a "truth" every time A and B are equal, either 0 or 1.

Converting Binary Numbers and Positional Number Systems

In order to convert the binary number 110010101 to a decimal number a few simple steps need to be taken. The first is to count out the number of digits, in this case there is nine. Now assign the right most digit 2 to the power of 0, then the next 2 to the power of 1 and so on until the last digit which should be 2 to the power of 8. Next find the values of each power. After you do this add together all the values that represent a one in the binary number. Your decimal number should be 405.

Going the other way is just as easy. Starting with the number 529 divide by 2. If there is a remainder record it with a 1 if not a 0. Next take the quotient of 529/2 and divide that by 2 record either a 1 or zero in the same manner on the left side of the prevoious digit. Continue doing this until the quotient is zero. Your binary number should be 1000010001.

The differnce between a positional and non positional number system is that in a positional number system the value of each digit is determined by its position. Whereas in a non positional number system the position does not change the value. For example the number 981 and 198 are different numbers in a positional number system but would be the same number in a non positional number system. So with this both binary and decimal number systems are positional number systems.

Unix commands and Chapter 6 of Natural Born Cyborgs

After using Unix for the first time I learned that commands are very important. Unlike in Windows where you click everything, Unix you simply type a command and something happens. A few important commands in Unix include chsh, ls, cd and date. The chsh command allows you to change your shell or the unit that reads your commands and tells the computer what to do. The next command, ls, creates a list of the files and directories in a given directory. This is much like browsing through "My computer" in Windows where everything is listed from "My Documents" to drives. The third command, cd, is what allows you to change directories. For example you can change between the root of steel and your own directory with your own files. This would be similar to changing from "control panel" to "My Documents" in Windows. The last command is not as technical as the others but is still helpful none the less. The date command allows you to view the date and time by simply typing in date. The Windows equivalent of this would be to hover the mouse over the time on the tool bar. Unix is very unique to any other operating system that I have used it will take some time to get use to it.


Natural Born Cyborgs---Response

In this chapter there is much talk of networks, and electronic paths. The idea that people are able to leave such paths for others to follow is very helpful in producing efficient systems. The example about purchasing a CD from amazon.com displayed this concept very well. The web site uses information gathered from users purchases to help other users find what they are looking for easier. This not only makes shopping easier for the customer, but also allows for more sales for amazon. The same system of gathering information is used in search engines. If a page is more popular under a certain keyword than it will be listed closer to the top rather than the bottom. The concept of these electronic paths and networks helps tremendously with connecting people to what they want in a faster and more efficient manner.